Abstract
Distal occlusion is a common polyetiological anomaly characterized by a complex combination of skeletal and dental-alveolar disorders. Multivariate analysis reveals multiple phenotypes, but data on pathogenesis, including the role of ethnicity and compensatory mechanisms, remain contradictory. This necessitates a detailed study of the contribution of key parameters to the formation of various forms of this pathology. Purpose of the study. Тo determine the main differences in the morphometric characteristics of Class II dental and gnathic abnormalities. Materials and methods of research. As part of an open-label prospective comparative study (2018–2023), 110 patients were examined and divided into three groups based on a comprehensive diagnosis that included a clinical examination, a photo protocol, and an analysis of plaster models and CBCT. The key method was the biometry of 220 diagnostic models, which included the assessment of transversal and sagittal parameters using the Pon (dental arch width) and Korkhaus (arc length) methods, taking into account individual norms. Results. In patients with distal occlusion, there was a narrowing of the dental arches, which was more pronounced in patients with the second skeletal class: it was 4.3–6.8 mm in the area of the premolars and molars, compared to 3.2–2.2 mm in patients with the first skeletal class. In the first group, there was also a slight elongation of the anterior segment of the dental arch. In the control group, there were no statistically significant deviations from the individual norms of all the measured parameters. Conclusion. Patients with distal occlusion have significant dental and alveolar disorders, mainly in the form of narrowing of the dental arches, which require orthodontic correction. The severity of these disorders, especially the narrowing in the premolar and molar regions, is significantly higher in patients with the second skeletal class compared to the first.